application/pdf

AbstractThe Rise of Property and the Death of the Moral Economy: Enclosure and Social Unrest in Late-Eighteenth Century England – Ewan Martel

Eighteenth-century Great Britain was a kingdom marked by the rise of a property-based and highly individualistic conception of social and economic structures came a doctrine of improvement based upon extracting the most value from a tract of land possible. Parliamentary enclosure was critical to this change, seeing lands converted from something of communal value to individual property. This work argues that the growth and implementation of parliamentary enclosure was a source of immense social unrest in late-eighteenth century Britain as the process and its supporting ideologies were inherently counter-intuitive to traditional systems of communal land ownership and subsistence. This paper utilizes primary sources from both landowners implementing enclosure and the responses of commoners and enclosure's opponents to better understand the agency of the peasantry in their fight against a damaging practice and how forms of unrest were multi-faceted and prevalent, despite the growing power of the land-owing gentry.

Author Keywords: Class, Common Lands, Eighteenth-Century, Enclosure, Great Britain, Social Unrest

Inserting a peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) can be a stressful moment in a patient's hospital stay, especially in patients with difficult intravenous access (DIVA). This study investigated the applicability of a mid-range theory of trauma-informed care (BITTEN) to PIVC insertion in DIVA patients. A qualitative, semi-structured interview was conducted with 17 DIVA patients. Data was analyzed by item and compared to the BITTEN model. Key findings include: the BITTEN model can help explain the traumatic experiences DIVA patients have with PIVC insertion, DIVA patients have experienced institutional betrayal after medical and other traumas, previous adverse PIVC experiences inform expectations for future experiences, and DIVA patients' trust in clinicians is restorative. In fact, adverse PIVC experiences have little to do with the needle itself.

Author Keywords: access, betrayal, DIVA, intravenous, peripheral, trauma

Indigenous men are disproportionally incarcerated in the Canadian criminal justice system. A disproportionate number of Indigenous men who are incarcerated have also been through the foster care and adoption system. A good deal of them are disconnected from their cultures, traditions and communities. For many the prisons are the first times that they encounter Indigenous Knowledge (IK), Elders, and Knowledge Holders, and the introduction to IK can be a watershed moment for them. Reconnection is a critical first step in a healing journey that many Indigenous men begin in prisons. The healing journey is about healing from their history, traumas, and the actions that led them to prisons, but healing is also a process of healing towards a better life and better future. It does not stop once they are beyond the prison walls. This research project focuses on the Indigenous Healing Programs and Services that support the men that are on this healing journey. Using the Haudenosaunee framework of Kan'nikonhrí:io (the Good Mind) and Wake'nikonhrèn:ton (the Crooked Mind), this project endeavours to understand how these programs and services understand and support healing, how masculinity factors into the delivery of these programs.

Author Keywords: Community, Good Minds, Haudenosaunee, Healing, Social Programming, Social Work

Understanding threats to declining species at multiple stages of their annual cycle is important for determining the cause of their declines and conserving their populations. To assess potential responses to changing habitat and predators under climate change, I compared the nest site characteristics, responses to human intruders, and migratory patterns between Short-billed Dowitchers and Stilt Sandpipers breeding in Churchill, MB. I conducted behavioural observations and habitat surveys and deployed radio transmitters on birds during incubation. Short-billed Dowitcher nests had higher concealment and adults were more aggressive than Stilt Sandpipers. Short-billed Dowitchers took an eastern migratory route and stopped in the southeast US, whereas Stilt Sandpipers migrated west. Short-billed Dowitchers displayed relatively high connectivity during migration with nearly 1/3 of confirmed stopovers occurring at a single site in Georgia. These findings highlight the importance of considering varying antipredator defense and migration strategies in the face of climate change.

Author Keywords: Central Flyway, incubation, Midcontinent, migratory connectivity, Motus, nest concealment

Migration, space use, and phenology play key roles in shaping avian populations and are therefore critical for conservation. My thesis examines the migration strategies and non-breeding spatial requirements of Virginia's beach-nesting American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus), as well as the nesting phenology of mid-Atlantic American Oystercatchers and Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus). I assessed migratory decisions using field-readable bands and GPS transmitters, finding that ~90% of Virginia's beach-nesting American Oystercatchers migrate out-of-state during the non-breeding season, though tested hypotheses did not strongly predict migration patterns. I then estimated home range sizes of American Oystercatchers during the non-breeding season, revealing high individual variation (12.1-201.6 km²) and a potential trend toward larger home ranges in males. Finally, I analyzed clutch initiation timing of American Oystercatchers and Piping Plovers in response to climate change, finding that American Oystercatchers advanced timing of breeding by 10.7 days between 2005-2022, while Piping Plovers showed no significant shift.

Author Keywords: behavioural ecology, climate change, home-range, migration, movement ecology, phenology

Social scientists have debated whether religious involvement is associated with differences in deviant behaviours for over a century. Religious practices and beliefs are often associated with less deviant behaviours in young adults, such as less frequent drug use and law-breaking. Empirical results on these associations, though, have been mixed, possibly due to heterogenous measures. Recent literature has begun teasing apart religious practices (e.g., attending church) from spiritual beliefs (e.g., believing in higher powers) and exploring their unique associations with different outcomes. The present study tested the independent and interactive effects of religion and spirituality in predicting deviance. Religion was negatively associated with some types of deviance, the relationship remained significant even after controlling for covariates. Spirituality was not reliably associated with deviance. There was an interaction between religion and spirituality, where the combination of the two was associated with the lowest level of deviance. Further findings and implications are discussed.

Author Keywords: deviance, religion, spirituality, youth

Heart failure (HF) is a condition with several possible etiologies that influence patient symptomatology, including response to exercise. The purpose of this review was to assess how cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters used for risk stratification differ and are associated with mortality and adverse cardiac events in patients with different HF etiologies. We completed a systematic review of studies that assessed CPET data in adult heart failure patients and reported outcomes of mortality, left ventricular assist device implantation, heart transplantation, or hospitalization. Interestingly, the optimal threshold values derived from CPET were strikingly similar for stratifying risk in patients with different HF etiologies. Even with heterogeneity in the data, the literature suggests that optimal threshold values from CPET can be applied generally without consideration of HF etiology. However, there is a need to consider a broader spectrum of HF etiologies and CPET parameters in larger and more representative study populations.

Author Keywords: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing, Etiology, Heart Failure, Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, Prognosis

Nurses have a vital role in counselling their patients towards healthier living. However, nurses tend to have poor metabolic health that may be influenced by lifestyle. Whether this begins during their nursing education is poorly understood. Undergraduate nursing (n=42) and biology (n=15) students had their metabolic health assessed through body measurements, fasting blood glucose and lipids. Lifestyle factors of physical activity, nutrition, stress, and sleep were assessed using questionnaires, accelerometry, diet logs, and heart rate variability. At an individual level, 31.0% of nursing students are at-risk of poor metabolic health. Results suggest that nursing students are sedentary, obtaining poor sleep quality, consuming elevated amounts of saturated fat, and perceiving themselves to be under mild stress. The implementation of lifestyle interventions should be considered for this cohort. However, few differences were found between nursing and biology groups, indicating that the results are potentially generalizable to a larger group of undergraduate students.

Author Keywords: metabolic health, nursing students, nutrition, physical activity, psychological stress, sleep quality

This study examines the foraging strategies of Mesolithic foragers in the Central Balkans, particularly those employed by the occupants of Crvena Stijena, Montenegro. The Prey Choice Model, Patch Choice Model, and Marginal Value Theorem are used to interpret subsistence patterns. The data from the Crvena Stijena assemblages are compared to those from other Mesolithic sites in the region, along with an Upper Paleolithic assemblage at Crvena Stijena, to assess patterns of animal resource use throughout the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in the region. Red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and brown hare (Lepus europaeus) are the most commonly identified taxa in the assemblages. The analysis suggests that Mesolithic foragers at Crvena Stijena, and at many sites throughout the region, were primarily exploiting high-ranked prey types. There is evidence that Mesolithic foragers engaged in more intensive subsistence strategies than those of Upper Paleolithic foragers.

Author Keywords: Central Balkans, Early Holocene, Human Behavioral Ecology, Late Pleistocene, Mesolithic, Zooarchaeology

Hybridisation is an important evolutionary mechanism with diverse outcomes, including the formation of new lineages, the exchange of alleles between species, or their extinction through genetic swamping. In some cases, hybrids exhibit higher fitness than their parental species, which can lead to hybrid invasions that threaten ecosystems. In North America, hybridisation between the native cattail Typha latifolia and the non-native T. angustifolia produces the hybrid T. × glauca, which is a highly impactful invader in wetlands across large areas of southern Canada and northern USA; contrastingly, in Europe and Asia, where its parental species also co-occur, T. × glauca is rare to non-existent. This thesis examines the evolutionary history of T. latifolia and T. angustifolia, which, in addition to being the parental species of T. × glauca, are two of the most globally widespread Typha species, a genus of plants foundational to wetlands. First, we developed genomic resources, including ~12M nuclear SNPs and plastome assemblies to facilitate genetic research on Typha; we also described a cost-effective library preparation and genotyping protocol that makes population genetic studies of freshwater plants accessible. Then, we applied those genomic resources to investigate the roles of drift, selection, and hybridisation in the divergence of T. angustifolia, T. latifolia, and their sister species, T. domingensis and T. shuttleworthii. We found that speciation in these taxa was driven by drift under allopatry, resulting from historical bottlenecks, and that natural selection has played a minimal role in the divergence of these species; additionally, we observed introgressive hybridisation from T. latifolia into T. angustifolia. Finally, we reconstructed the demographic histories of T. angustifolia and T. latifolia from North America and Europe. We observed that reproductive isolation is strong in Europe, where the two species have potentially been sympatric for ~800,000 years, and weak in North America, where they have been sympatric for only a few centuries. Our results exemplify how the divergence and demographic histories of species can correlate with their strength of reproductive isolation. We emphasise that preventing invasions by hybrids will require limiting the movement of Typha and other historically allopatric species, which likely lack reproductive barriers.

Author Keywords: biological invasions, cattails, demographic histories, evolutionary histories, population genomics, reproductive isolation